Aristotle s Views On Political Rule - 1441 Words

Aristotle’s believed in government that worked through realistic means for the common goods of its citizens and, thus, came up with three forms of government amounting to monarchy, aristocracy, and polity. He believed each of these can become perverted, or transformed into tyranny, oligarchy, or a lower form of government like mob rule, if the power is selfishly abused. The main distinction between the three forms is characterized by the size of the governing power: monarchy being held by one, aristocracy being held by few, and polity being held by many. Lastly, Aristotle believed the purpose of political rule is to work for the common good, not for personal gain, like a master. In Aristotle’s Politics, he elaborates on how persons†¦show more content†¦regardless of whether there are laws or not and he acts as law himself[,]†¦ whether he and they are good or not [and] whether he is better in respect or virtue (Book 3, Chapter 17). Monarchies work best when ruler’s craft decisions for the greater good of all citizens. Oligarchy, being ruled by little in a generic way, and aristocracy, a small governing power to a select few from a special class of citizens based on birth and privilege, both ventures on the few leading the many. Aristotle believes that aristocracy is superior over the oligarchy because of the way it values other peoples’ interest and is centered around those who are best with virtue. Polity is the correct, but the most unrealistic form of governing with many rulers, while democracy, as defined by Aristotle, is the deviant way to rule with many rulers. The group of rulers is characterized as a â€Å"mixed† group constructed by rule from the â€Å"middle† group of citizens, and moderately wealthy class standing between the rich and poor (Book 4, Chapter 11). He says this is the best group for leading the city-state because they find it â€Å"easiest to obey the rule of reason† and are l ess likely to act unjust to their citizens (Book 4, Chapter 11). Although the middle construction has been more just and stable than oligarchy and democracy, polity can deteriorate and develop into mob rule; where citizens pursue their own self-interest. Self-sufficiency is a major contributor to the developmentShow MoreRelatedPlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreEssay on Machiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature1334 Words   |  6 Pagesgood for his political morality. Instead, he turns to the individual?more specifically, self-preservation in a position of power. Machiavellis vision rules out the possibility of a higher political authority if higher is meant to say that the morality comes from the divine, but his vision certainly does not rule out any sort of higher political morality. To guide the actions of men in general, Machiavelli turns to the actions of the strong prince. Machiavelli?s higher political morality isRead MoreComparing Aristotle And Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe term political scientist has been used to describe both Aristotle and Niccolo Machiavelli, but does that term do the work of either man justice? From the outset it is very easy to see the philosophical differences between the two men and their visions of the political system(s). It is fairly obvious that both men were products of their times, Aristotle coming from the end of the Golden Age of Greece and Machiavelli coming from end of Medieval Europe, but in both cases their ideas and advice haveRead MoreComparing Aristotle and Plato Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Aristotle and Plato Aristotle argues that in order for a polis to emerge, a union between man and women must convene. Later a household must be introduced which unites with other households to form a village, villages come together to form city-states. This theory is Aristotle’s natural view that an individual can not be self sufficient Plato argues that, in order to achieve absolute justice, a city-state is needed. In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher RulersRead MoreThe Concept of Democracy664 Words   |  3 Pagesthat some of greatest minds in human history dating back to the time of Aristotle and Plato and continuing through to modern times have viewed democracy differently and have actually been quite critical of it as political concept. Democracy as a political idea began with the ancient Greeks. When it was developed by the Greeks the philosophers and rulers of the time were not friendly to the idea of many can and should rule themselves. The prevailing thought was that governing was a difficult taskRead MoreThe Ideal Society As Suggested By Plato993 Words   |  4 Pagesappropriate function and only that function. It is the rulers’ job to rule, the auxiliaries uphold the convictions of the rulers, and the producers are to limit themselves to exercising their natural skills. Plato argues that state justice requires each individual it conform to the societal role they have been given and not to interfere with any other business. In Book IV, Plato theorises individual justice to be a mirror reflection of political justice. Much like Plato’s three class structure of a just societyRead MorePolitical Philosophy, By Steven Cahn1197 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steven Cahn s book, Political Philosophy, The Essential Texts, philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau created the circumstances to enable the fundamental principals of philosophy and politics. These knowledgeable, astute and significant men have helped to achieve the structure of our past and present democracy as well as a plan of action for the rights and values that we as citizens can all relate to today. They are grounded in their thinking and tied togetherRead MoreComparing Aristotle s 8 1455 Words   |  6 PagesNow the question is what values should one have to rule, what makes them qualified compared to others. Plato outlines the different aspects of government and why he believes an aristocracy would be bet ter form of government. In book 8 Socrates starts to wrap up his depiction of a just city. He starts to break down the four unjust constitutions of the city and man. Timocracy, which is represented by the honor-driven man who resembles and rules that sort of government. There is an oligarchy, ruledRead MorePlato, Nietzsche, And Aristotles Theory Of Political Philosophy1670 Words   |  7 Pages Political theory is the study of concepts that allows for the analytical study of relationships between political institutions. Over the centuries, political theorists have established renditions of what political theory is. This essay will focus on Plato, Nietzsche, and Aristotle, and their works, which respectively define the concepts of the common good and the significance of philosophers to the welfare of the state, self-deceiving intellect and the power of authority over our intellectualRead MoreHow Does Machiavelli Bring Us From A Medieval View Of Politics Of Power And Interests?1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe platform for political science brought to us by Aristotle, had structuralized the forms and functions of government with little attention to conflict. Whereas, in Machiavelli’s work, we explore new notions of statecraft concerning power, fear and interests. Machiavelli’s work is pulled together from thousands of years’ worth of written history and stu dies of conflict compared to Aristotle’s work, circa 350 B.C. concerned with proportion and constitutions which consists mostly of observations

Reflective Essay Writing A Decent - 877 Words

Reflective Academic Paper Writing a decent essay can be as nerve wrecking, time consuming, and accompanied by many trail and errors as an art project. First you have to generate an idea, which can be the biggest challenge. Then you have to decide on what detail to incorporate and then correct placement for it. You start throwing colors and shapes together in hope that it will transform into a pleasing design. This all takes times, so being challenged to create art work, whether it be an essay or painting, in sixty minutes becomes even more nerve wrecking and mind boggling. After last week’s timed writing practice, I was able to experience the dreadful event of producing an art work, which in my case was an essay, on the spot. Having this challenge has helped me identify several techniques that need improvement, but also gain awareness of what writing areas I comprehend. Let’s start by recognizing the first area in need of improvement, my introduction. We have been taught that every introduction needs background information, an attention getter, and a thesis before tossing views on to the reader. However, my introduction failed to comply with two of those basic requirements. I did not provide the reader with an interesting hook but instead forced the lame one sentenced background on how, â€Å"it is expected [in college] to work in collaboration with other fellow class/work mates,† right before my listed thesis. With two years of college experience, I should be able to craft anShow MoreRelatedReflective Essay : Writing Skills945 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Essay This fall semester in ESL 91has been pretty interesting, and so far successful. The main object of this semester was to improve our essay writing. We were taught various lab techniques that helped us to improve our English writing skills, such as using appropriate verb tense and how to write a research paper with a works cited. 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Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 3 Free Essays

August 21, 1864 I can’t stop thinking about her. I will not even write her name; I daren’t. She is beautiful, entrancing, singular. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I’m with Rosalyn, I am Giuseppe’s son, the Salvatore boy, essentially interchangeable with Damon. I know it would not matter one whit to the Cartwrights if Damon took my place. It is only me because Father knew Damon would not stand for it, knew I would say yes, just like always. But when I saw her, her lithe figure, her red lips, her eyes that were flickering and sad and thrilling all at once †¦ it was as though I was finally just myself, just Stefan Salvatore. I must be strong. I must treat her like a sister. I must fall in love with the woman who is to be my wife. But I fear it is already too late†¦. Rosalyn Salvatore, I thought to myself the next day, tasting the words as I walked out the door, ready to fulfill my duty by paying a second call on my soon-to-be-betrothed. I imagined living with Rosalyn in the carriage house–or perhaps some smaller mansion my father would build as our wedding present–me working all day, poring through ledgers with my father in his stuffy study, while she took care of our children. I tried to feel excitement. But all I felt was cold dread seeping through my veins. I walked around the grand path of Veritas and gazed wistfully up at the carriage house. I hadn’t seen Katherine since she arrived yesterday afternoon. Father had dispatched Alfred to invite her to supper, but she’d declined. I’d spent the evening looking out the window toward the house, but I couldn’t see any flicker of candlelight. If I hadn’t known she and Emily had moved in, I’d have assumed the house had remained unoccupied. Finally, I went to sleep, wondering the whole time what Katherine was doing and whether she needed comforting. I tore my eyes away from the drawn upstairs shades and trudged down the driveway. The dirt road under my feet was hard and cracked; we needed a good rainstorm. There was no breeze, and the air felt dead. There wasn’t another person outside as far as the eye could see, yet as I walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on end, and I got the uneasy feeling that I wasn’t alone. Unbidden, Robert’s warnings about walking off on my own floated through my mind. â€Å"Hello?† I called out as I turned around. I started. Standing just a few feet behind me, leaning against one of the angel statues that flanked the drive, was Katherine. She wore a white sunbonnet that protected her ivory skin and a white dress dotted with tiny rosebuds. Despite the heat, her fair skin looked as cool as the pond on a December morning. She smiled at me, displaying perfectly straight, white teeth. â€Å"I had hoped for a tour of the grounds, but it seems you are otherwise engaged.† My heart pounded at the word â€Å"engaged,† the ring box in my back pocket as heavy as a branding iron. â€Å"I’m not †¦ no. I mean,† I stammered, â€Å"I could stay.† â€Å"Nonsense.† Katherine shook her head. â€Å"I already am taking lodging from you and your father. I will not take your time as well.† She raised a dark eyebrow at me. Never before had I spoken with a girl who seemed so at ease and sure of herself. I felt the sudden, overwhelming urge to whip the ring from my pocket and offer it to Katherine on one knee. But then I thought of Father and forced my hand to stay put. â€Å"May I at least walk with you for a bit?† Katherine asked, swinging her sun umbrella back and forth. Companionably, we walked down the road. I kept glancing to my left and right, wondering why she didn’t seem nervous to walk, unaccompanied, with a man. Perhaps it was because she was an orphan and so utterly alone in the world. Whatever the reason, I was grateful for it. A light wind blew around us, and I inhaled her lemony ginger scent, feeling as though I could die of happiness, right there, next to Katherine. Simply being near her was a reminder that beauty and love did exist in the world, even if I couldn’t have them. â€Å"I think I shall call you Silent Stefan,† Katherine said as we walked through the cluster of oaks that marked the line between the village of Mystic Falls and the outlying plantations and estates. â€Å"I’m sorry †¦,† I started, fearing that I was as dull to her as Rosalyn was to me. â€Å"It’s simply that we don’t get very many strangers in Mystic Falls. It’s difficult to speak to someone who doesn’t know my whole history. I suppose I don’t want to bore you. After Atlanta, I’m sure you find Mystic Falls a bit quiet.† I felt mortified as soon as the sentence left my lips. Her parents had died in Atlanta, and here I was, making it sound like she’d left some exciting life to live here. I cleared my throat. â€Å"I mean, not that you had found Atlanta exciting, or that you wouldn’t enjoy getting away exciting, or that you wouldn’t enjoy getting away from everything.† Katherine smiled. â€Å"Thank you, Stefan. That’s sweet.† Her tone made it clear she didn’t want to delve into the topic any further. We walked in silence for a few long moments. I kept my stride deliberately short so Katherine could keep up. Then, whether by accident or by design I’m not sure, Katherine’s fingers brushed against my arm. They were cold as ice, even in the humid air. â€Å"Just so you know,† she said, â€Å"I don’t find anything about you boring.† My entire body flamed hot as a conflagration. I glanced up the road, as if trying to ascertain the best route for us to follow, though really I was hiding my blush from Katherine. I felt the weight of the ring in my pocket again, heavier than ever. I turned to face Katherine, to say what, I’m not even sure. But she was no longer by my side. â€Å"Katherine?† I called, shielding my eyes against the sun, waiting for her lilting laugh to rise up in the underbrush along the road. But all I heard was the echo of my own voice. She had vanished. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 3, Essay examples

Analysis of Sustainable Development free essay sample

The development goals of UN are expressed in terms of human and environmental well-being, couched in terms of major issue areas: example; health, food, water, energy and the environment. The World Bank, for example, uses the discourse of ‘financial, physical, human, social and natural capital’ in its conceptualization of sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission report on ‘Our Common Future’ (WCED, 1987) focuses on institutional imperatives in addressing sustainable development issues, including political, economic, social and administrative systems. The Brundtland Report explicitly addresses the matter of production and technological systems, but without anchoring the discussion in the realities of the patchy, embryonic state of global environment and technology cooperation. It is significant that embedding sustainability development into mainstream policies for international cooperation in environment and technology has been underdeveloped, particularly at the global level. However, it is just as significant that where major partnerships in environment and technology exist between developed and developing countries, sustainability development issues are often in the forefront, often in the context of technical aid to the developing countries (Stein, 2002a). What this approach fails to achieve, however, is systematic knowledge transfer between and amongst countries that are not directly involved in such cooperative ventures. It also presupposes a model of innovation as emerging from the developed world to be subsequently adapted by the developing world, whereas the reality of innovation is far more complex and evenly distributed than typically acknowledged by the ‘donor’ countries. Defining Sustainability Defining sustainability is very difficult as the common use of the word sustainable suggests an ability to maintain some activity in the face of tress and this seems to be also the most technically applicable meaning. In simple terms, sustainable development refers to maintaining development over time. However, at the international level, there are several factors and conditions that need to be considered including peace, debt reduction, terms of trade, non-declining foreign aid, economic policy, techniques for measuring sustainable development, the trade-offs between conflicting environmental goals. Tolba (1987) argues that sustainable development has become an article of faith, often used but little explained. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present, by ensuring environmental stewardship, economic growth and social justice function in a milieu of good governance, without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the worlds poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and †¢ the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet present and future needs. Sustainable Development Pillars |[pic] | |Governance | Fig 1. 0 Sustainable development consists of four pillars. These pillars are economic, social, environment and governance. 1. Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible. Below is an environment state of sustainability table. Table 1. 0 |Consumption of renewable resources |State of environment |Sustainability | More than natures ability to replenish |Environmental degradation |Not sustainable | |Equal to natures ability to replenish |Environmental equilibrium |Steady state economic | |Less than natures ability to replenish |Environmental renewal |Environmentally sustainable | According to Hasna Vancock, sustainability is a process which tells us of a development of all aspects of human life affecting sustenance. It means resolving the conflict between the various competing goals, and involves the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity with the resultant vector being technology, hence it is a continually evolving process; the journey (the process of achieving sustainability) is of course vitally important, but only as a means of getting to the destination (the desired future state). However, the destination of sustainability is not a fixed place in the normal sense that we understand destination. Instead, it is a set of wishful characteristics of a future system Social sustainability Social sustainability encompasses human rights, labor rights, and corporate governance. In common with environmental sustainability, social sustainability is the idea that future generations should have the same or greater access to social resources as the current generation (inter-generational equity), while there should also be equal access to social resources within the current generation (intra-generational equity). Social resources include ideas as broad as other cultures and basic human rights Economic Sustainability Economists focused on viewing the economy and the environment as a single interlinked system with a unified valuation methodology. Intergenerational equity can be incorporated into this approach, as has become common in economic valuations of climate change economics. Ruling out discrimination against future generations and allowing for the possibility of renewable alternatives to petro-chemicals and other non-renewable resources, efficient policies are compatible with increasing human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule steady state. Arrow et al and other economists have advocated a form of the weak criterion for sustainable development – the requirement than the wealth of a society, including human-capital, knowledge-capital and natural-capital (as well as produced capital) not decline over time. Others, including Barbier, continue to contend that strong sustainability – non-depletion of essential forms of natural capital – may be appropriate. The core of the idea of sustainability is the concept that current decisions should not impair the prospects for maintaining or improving future living standards. This implies that our economic systems should be managed so that we can live off the dividend of our resources, maintaining and improving the asset base. In general terms, the primary objectives of sustainable development are: †¢ achieve a reasonable and equitably distributed level of economic well-being that can be perpetuated continually for many human generations (Murcott, 1997) †¢ reduce the absolute poverty of the world’s poor through providing lasting and secure livelihoods that minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disruption and social instability find the optimal level of interaction between the biological and natural resource system, the economic system and the social system (Barbier, 1989). Industrialization and manufacturing A new technological regime is required to meet the millennium development goals (MDGs) of sustainable development. Research has proven with facts and these facts have widely contributed to development. Devel opment is economically and socially acceptable but its environmental impact needs much attention. We do not want to deplete our resources as faster as we are doing with sustainable environment implications caused by manufacturing entities. There is a need of an environmental sustainable policy looking at responsible manufacturing processes without causing negative impacts on the environment. Impact of industrialization The current growths in industrialization have got a negative impact on the environment. Managers are been asked to raise profit, but should be done in a more socially and environmentally responsible ways. Multinationals firms have created a new global economic space, sourcing products from far-flung global production and supply chains, and they ought therefore to be accountable not only to their share holders but also to the communities and environments that are affected by their operations. Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future to meet its needs, consumers want certification that their suppliers comply with environment code of conduct and this has been a competitive tool in manufacturing firms. [pic] The responsibility for achieving sustainable development is a global one, resting both with the more developed and the less developed nations, if not in equal measure. Achieving the goals of sustainable development requires planning and action at local, regional and global scales and specifying short- and long-term objectives that allow for the transition to sustainability. The Millennium Development Goals is a framework of 8 goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators to measure world progress towards the implementation of these goals. The eight goals include: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger †¢ achieve universal primary education †¢ promote gender equality and empower women †¢ reduce child mortality